Особенности диагностики фитофагов, патогенов и сорных растений в системе защиты посевов кукурузы (методологические и практические аспекты)

Abstract

Diagnostics is the basis of the main stages of plant protection (PP) algorithm. The success of the implementation of the applied measures depends mainly on the correct identification of phytophagous species, pathogens and weeds. Long-term studies have shown that some PP diagnostical methodologies have unresolved issues and require updating and revision. Modern diagnostic systems for phytophages are often built based on already accomplished damage (rather than larvae) or using the descriptions of adult weeds (rather than their cotyledons and small sprouts). This practice does not meet the goals of early diagnostics and timely decisions in the PP. Numerous identification keys to phytophages using damage characteristics and pathogens using lesions contain their descriptions at the end of the period of corn damaging. Since the zonal complexes of harmful species include corn head and bubble, fusariosis and phytophages (mainly wireworms, frit flies, corn borer and cotton worm) in most regions, the monitoring principle based on the relationship of injury-disease features has a predictive value for calculation of suppressed number of pest populations, damage reduction and development level of certain diseases. Apart for the species identifications, it is necessary to account the disease patho- and morphogenesis, their explicit forms or latent flow, monocyclicity of the smut fungus and polycyclicity of rust and helminthosporiosis; the possibility of monitoring the disease dynamics in the field, especially the calculation of economic threshold. The monitoring algorithm in triotroph systems has been understudied. In particularly, the interpopulation relationships of phytophages and pathogens are treated similarly, i.e. basing on the overcoming corn resistance to penetration into the plant and basing on maize preservation (avoidance of damage). It is necessary to raise the status of diagnostics as one of the main professional competencies in the PP and create modern identification keys, including modern nomenclature, and reference books combining classical reliability and modern visibility.